A neural interface is the broad category of technologies that create a connection between electronic systems and the nervous system. While brain-computer interfaces are the most prominent subset, neural interfaces also include spinal cord stimulators, peripheral nerve cuffs, cochlear implants, and retinal prostheses. The common thread is the ability to either read electrical signals from neurons, deliver electrical or optical stimulation to them, or both (bidirectional interfaces).
The design of a neural interface involves critical trade-offs. Higher electrode counts provide richer neural data but increase surgical complexity and power requirements. Closer proximity to neurons yields better signal quality but raises biocompatibility concerns. Companies are exploring diverse solutions: Neuralink's thin-film polymer threads, Paradromics' high-bandwidth microwire bundles, and Precision Neuroscience's ultra-thin cortical surface arrays each represent different positions along these trade-off curves.
The field is expanding beyond the brain. Onward Medical has demonstrated spinal cord neural interfaces that restore walking ability in paralyzed patients. Companies like CTRL-Labs (acquired by Meta) have developed wristband neural interfaces that read signals from peripheral nerves controlling hand muscles. As manufacturing precision improves and materials science advances, neural interfaces are becoming smaller, more capable, and longer-lasting — bringing the technology closer to widespread clinical and eventually consumer adoption. For deeper coverage, see BCIIntel.